THE DISINTEGRATION OF MODERN ART
Category: Architecture + Painting(Britain’s most distinguished writer on art discusses the disquieting state of modern anti-art)
The immediate purpose of the creative effort that goes to the making of a work of art was the refinement of man’s powers of perception and discrimination, and this purpose was achieved by an ever progressing apprehension of the subtleties of form. This power of discrimination is aesthetic — that is to say, a power based on the education and training of the senses — the senses of sight, touch and hearing.
It follows that any movement in history that leads to a dulling of the sensibilities, to a relaxation of consciousness of form, is a retrograde movement, leading to a decline of human civilisation.
Art’s integrity is an unrelenting concentration on formal unity, on stylistic vitality, devotion to the end that art serves in evolving the consciousnes of mankind in the total effort to establish a human world in the midst of an indifferent universe.
Let us now contemplate the forces that threaten art’s integrity: the modes of disintegration which I shall review under the categories of incoherence, insensitivity, brutality and privacy.
Incoherence is the failure to reach, or a deliberate disregard of, integrity of form: it is the disruption of all significant relationships, and corresponds to the debris left by an earthquake. There are contemporary artists who do not hesitate to expose the debris of a mental disturbance that corresponds to an earthquake.
Such a formal disintegration is usually accompanied by another threat to art’s integrity: lack of style or insensitivity.
Style, as Goethe once observed, belongs to the deepest foundations of personality. But if we wish to stabilise such expressions of individuality we create an object that bears their impress. Some works of art are no more than this: expression of self, .but we must always, as T. S. Eliot once told us, take care to have a self to express.
It is sometimes said that we can express self merely by the selection we make of available images — that the quest for originality is a vain one, and in any case a waste of effort. This is one of the excuses made to justify “pop-art”, or any kind of self expression that dispenses with style. Such non-art has been called “the art that looks sideways”, which seems to be a confession of its evasiveness. We may agree that the label “pop-art” is misleading: that the art in it is far from “pop” and that the “pop” is there precisely because it is anti-art. What is meant by art that is anti-art is really an art that is completely lacking in style, and it is this personal factor that certain artists now wish to sacrifice, without, however, sacrificing the art market.
We are told in the introduction to .the catalogue of an exhibition organised last year by the Gulbenkian Foundation in London, that “there is a nostalgic admiration for the images that are undeniably common objects. Nothing is lower than a pictorial bubble-gum wrapper, yet it posseses effortlessly and automatically, of its nature the property that is most desired for art. The nostalgia mingles with another longing, the longing for a material that will be genuinely inacceptable and stick in the cultivated gullet as real art should.”1
We can understand the desire to create an art that sticks in the cultivated gullet “as real artshould” — that has been the desire of all artists in revolt against the academic tradition of the past. That was certainly the desire of the Dadaists and the Surrealists of our time, and one of the most boring aspects of the art misleadingly called pop-art is its repetition of geatures that stuck in the cultivated gullet 50 years ago, but that were long ago swallowed and discarded because they have served their purpose. There is nothing new in pop-art, least of all its use of popular images taken from cigarette packets and comic strips: exactly the same kind of debris was exploited by artists like Schwitters, Picabia and Man Ray. But there is a difference: in their extreme revolt against cultivated art the Da- daists remained artists — that is to say, they retained their style.
An absense of style leads to the apotheosis of brutality. That this quality should be offered as a substitute for style is perhaps not surprising in an age distinguished for its vandalism and criminal violence. Its visual aspect is clumsiness, and a brutal gesture in art is just as ugly as a brutal gesture in behaviour.
Beauty and terror, for some mysterious reason, lie very close together, but where we find them associated in a work of art, the significant fact is their association, not the presence of one or the other element. Terror is introduced in a Greek or Elizabethan drama, to produce catharsis, to leave a stillness that seems all the more intense after the passage of a storm. But this is not the aim of our contemporary brutalities, who are not able to effect a synthesis of terror and beauty, but leave their public in a state of displeasure and distress.
What I have with some hesitation called “privacy” as a very ubiquitous characteristic of modern art and one which deserves more consideration than it has hitherto been given. We speak of a private joke, meaning a joke which cannot be generally understood or appreciated, a joke that is perhaps only funny to the joker. More and more of our younger artists perpetrate jokes of this kind in their paintings and sculpture.
This is surely a very illogical situation. The artist, we are told, has no desire to communicate with us: he “just makes a certain kind of object” which he needs to have around to satisfy a private need. But if we invade his privacy, then he may find that after all his private object satisfies our private need. Is it not more likely that the artist or “the maker of art”, as he is now called, “feeling the need” makes an object that has no significance for anyone but himself, an object without beauty, or vitality, an object of non-art?
Such is indeed what happens in the majority of cases. These brutal scribbles and scrawls, these assemblages of rusty junk from the scrap-heap or dump, what significance can they have for “others” unless some concession is made to the idea of a relationship between artist and spectator. Art is communication, and though every method and every kind of material is legitimate, materials and methods must establish a visual relationship between the artist and the spectator. Art always was and must remain a mode of symbolic discourse, and where there is no symbol and therefore no discourse, there is no art.
You will now expect me to be more explicit to name the artists and critics who have betrayed this trust, but the illustrations to this article will serve this purpose (The article is illustrated by reproductions of some works mostly from New York museums. The artists are: James Rosenquist, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, David Hockney, Jim Dine, Larry Rivers, Claes Oldenburg, R. B. Kitay.). The whole purpose of art is called in question, and what we are witnessing at the present moment is not merely the disintegration of modern movement in art, but the disintegration of intelligence itself, a descent into the eternal “fun fair” which is neither funny nor fair, but an inferno into which the intellectually empty and morally insensitive vandals of a alienating economy drift in their ruthless search for any object on which to expend their destructive energies.
Disintegration, by definition, has no unifying principle but a label must be found to cover the diverse phenomena of the contemporary scene, and so the term “pop-art” has come into vogue. It was coined on the analogy of “pop-music”, but pop-music is genuinely popular, a modern version of folk-music. It may be sophisticated and it may contradict all the canons of academic music, but it springs from the people and serves their needs for stimulation and emotional release. Pop-art can make no such claim; it has no roots in mass culture, and its claim to select and emphasize popular images is a delusion. What it exploits for the most part is a very different thing: the commercial image — that is to say, an image devised by cunning publicity agents to persuade the public to buy mass-produced goods (beverages, processed foods, cosmetics, gadgets of every kind), or, alternatively, persuade the same public to patronise some kind of entertainment (sport, cinema, dancing). Rather different but still commercially motivated, are the various types of strip-car- toons which do certainly exploit the emotions of the masses, but do so not for any emotional satisfaction, but merely to promote the sale of a periodical carrying commercial advertisements. The whole range of such popular images is a by-product of competitive capitalism and as such does not exist in non-capitalist countries.
And for all his scorn of moral and aesthetic values, of academic standards and artistic categories, the pop-artist does want to be taken seriously — otherwise why does he exhibit his works to the public and ask them to pay serious prices for them ?
Pop-art has no ideal because as a movement it believes only in an involvement with whatever presents itself in the visual chaos of urban activities. Pop-artists have no interest at all in nature, even in human nature. Their involvement with life is promiscuous, and, although they have to conform to certain physical limitations in order to assemble an effective image, they clutch to any straw in the wind — or, to use a less poetical metaphor, at any dead cat in the sewer. They succeed in embarassing the critic, and that may be one of their aims. To give serious consideration to their antics is to fall into the trap they have laid for us. They compel us to be solemn about silly matters, to prick toy balloons with scalpels. But it is not the artists who provoke the critic, but the public that has lost its sense of values. It is they who, because they are bored and alienated, accept instead of the work of art (which always demands concentration and effort on the part of the spectator) a sensational stimulas as brief and banal as any side-show in an amusement park. It is the art dealer and the museum director who is perhaps the most to be blamed, for he provides the exhibition space; unfortunately, however, he can say quite truly that he is only giving the public what they want.
The social conditions that determine the emergence of anti-art are not ephemeral they are with us in increasing and frightening intensity.
The genuine arts of today are engaged in a heroic struggle against mediocrity and mass values, and if they lose, then art, in any meaningful sense, is dead. If art dies, then the spirit of man becomes impotent and the world relapses in barbarism.
(Herbert Read Studio International, vol. 169, N2 864, 1965, April)