THEATRE LIFE IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Category: 19th centuryCharles Dickens’s household was not alone in its love of amateur theatricals which, along with shadow and puppet plays, were popular with most families in the middle-class homes; while, outside, the streets teemed with every kind of entertainment from muffin men to chimney-sweepers, lamplighters to shoeblacks, gipsies selling brushes, and the hurdy-gurdy man with his tiny monkey in uniform. Working-class children would follow the Punch and Judy men for miles, and Victorian children’s books offer frequent glimpses of children in middle-class homes, their noses pressed against the nursery window-pane, waiting for their father to send out a servant with a coin for a performance on the pavement outside. Often, on these occasions quite a crowd would gather and when the show was ended, the assistant would pass round his “bottle” for pennies, while the puppeteer hoisted his frame onto his back, and the two would set off for another neighbourhood.
With the decline of the marionette theatres towards the end of the eighteenth century, the Punch of the travelling showman’s booth returned to the streets as a glove puppet, and by 1825 Punch was hailed as “the most popular performer in the world”.
But of all the one-man shows of the nineteenth century, the readings of Charles Dickens from his own novels were probably the biggest success. From the time he was eight years old, when his family had brought him to London for a Christmas pantomime, Dickens had been besotted with the theatre, had written plays, acted in amateur theatricals, and numbered many actors among his closest friends.
The cheers that greeted his first appearance at St. Martin’s Hall in 1858 could be heard streets away, and nightly the “waiting carriages stretched down Long Acre to Leicester Square. Dickens does it capitally!” said Thomas Carlyle, “such as it is, a whole tragic, comic theatre, visible, performing, under one hat
In the final decades of the century, London theatres gradually developed individual identities, each actor-manager creating his, or her, own following. As society became increasingly class-conscious so also did the theatre. Complaints now appeared in the press about the presence in the pit of chimney-sweepers with soot still on them. Conduct became the most of life. The traditional cheapest seats in the pit now became, in some theatres, the most expensive stalls; although in most theatres they were maintained over the next seventy-five years. The theatre critic and scholar, J. C. Trewin, recalls that as a young man in the twenties, when he was first playgoing, he invariably went in the pit, sometimes queueing most of the day. In a number of theatres the pittites were relegated, or elevated, to the gallery, out of sight.
But, although theatres were mushrooming, and more and more people going to them, the drama still slumbered, unaware that a new movement was abroad, started in the 1870s by Emile Zola, and taken up by such writers as Ibsen, Chekhov and Strindberg. It is not surprising therefore to find that in 1873 Matthew Arnold was moved to say, “We have no drama at all”.
In 1891, at the Royalty Theatre, J. T. Grein’s Independent Theatre opened with the first English production of Ibsen’s Ghosts. In the programme, Grein pointed out how this play, banned by the censor in England, was able to be seen, read and discussed by students of the drama in Berlin, Brussels, Copenhagen and Amsterdam but “the London theatre alone, ruled by an iron rod of medieval narrowness and dictatorship, ruled by the fear of Mrs. Grundy, dared not produce the most modern, the most classical drama of the age.”
Although J. T. Grein’s Independent Theatre was short-lived, its name and its policy and its practice made possible the emergence of a new drama and, immune from the censorship of publicly performed plays, the membership and club societies that began to spring up. The passing of the Married Woman’s Property Act, the founding of the National Society for women’s Suffrage saw the emergence of a new theatregoer, young, female, and emancipated, whose spokesman was to be Bernard Shaw, and the year 1904 was to see the emergence of this new author and his public. The success of this season proved that there was a public for an intellectual theatre but at the same time, that it was a limited public.
From: London Theatre from the Globe to the National by J.R. Evans