A Journey in Wales
Category: Land + PeopleBy W. J. Rood and A. H. Rood
Every day the comfortable express trains leave Paddington Station and go across England and South Wales to Fishguard, a port 260 miles away on the south-west corner of Wales.
The first thing we notice is that on three sides Wales is washed by the sea. There is the Irish Sea on the north, St. George’s Channel on the west, and the Bristol Channel on the south. Wales is therefore called peninsula, which means that it is almost an island.
Wales is also a very mountainous country. Much of the country consists of barren moorland, and is of little use for farming. On the hillsides coarse grass provides food for thousands of sheep, and Wales is famous for its mutton, and also for its wool.
Years ago, when wool was Britain’s chief product, a sack of wool was placed in the House of Lords, and even to-day the Lord Chancellor sits on the “Woolsack.”
Wales is a very wet country. Westerly winds bring heavy rain frcm the Atlantic Ocean, and down the slopes of the mountains rush hundreds of raging torrents and foaming waterfalls. Seme parts of Wales are like the English Lake District, although the Welsh lakes are smaller than those of Cumberland.
These mountains have played a very important part in Welsh history. For years the English and Welsh were always fighting against each other, but the English never really conquered their enemy, for they could not penetrate their mountainous country. About 650 years ago, in the reign of Edward I, they settled their quarrel, and since then the eldest son of the King of England has been called the Prince of Wales.
But the Welsh have kept their own language, although in the tew ns English is spoken. I remember that cnce when we were metering in Wales we lost our way. We stopped to ask a country weman to direct us. I am sure the geed lady did her best to help us, but unfortunately we could not understand what she said, for she spoke in Welsh. Most of the people, however, who speak Welsh also know English.
As we come down the mountain-slopes we notice that the sheep pastures give way to well-cropped fields of grain and clover, and away down in the valleys we see the farmer’s homesteads, and notice how charming they look, nestling in the valleys, with their background of high mountains. The hedgerow, so common in England, is here a stone fence, often half buried in foxgloves or other wild flowers. The Welsh farmhouse, too, is made of stone and roofed with slates. The whitewashed walls amid the green of the surrounding country look very pleasing.
If we listen carefully we shall hear the music of a gurgling waterfall as it tumbles down the hillside.
As you would expect, few people live in this mountainous country, and there are no really large towns. Although Wales is about one-fifth larger than Yorkshire, it contains only about half as many people, and most of these live in the mining valleys, where there are twenty times as many people as in the hills.
Then there is the Vale of Gloucester, through which the Severn flows down to the Bristol Channel. You will probably guess that the soil here is deep and rich, and that dairy-farms and orchards abound. Like Devon, this part of Gloucester is famous for its cheese, its apples, and its cider.
Lastly there is the forest region between the Severn and the Wye. Many years ago a huge region was covered with forest. Little is left of this forest to-day, but the name is preserved in the forest of Dean, famous now for its mines of coal and iron.
Gloucester is an important market-town, to which farmers from the rich lands round bring their cattle, sheep, and other products for sale.
Now we have to pass underneath the river Severn. Gradually the line slopes down through a long cutting two and a half miles in length until a level is reached well beneath the bottom of the river. The train passes through a tunnel for four and a half miles, and rising gradually through another cutting, comes out on the other side of the river.
The Severn Tunnel took fourteen years to build, and cost two million pounds. Huge pumps are at work night and day pumping out millions of gallons of water which leak into the tunnel.
We are now in Monmouthshire, but not yet in Wales, for although many of the people speak Welsh, and are taught W elsh in the schools, this county is really a part of England.
Before going farther west let us look at the map. You will notice a long river coming from the ncrth. It passes near the Forest of Dean, and makes part of the boundary between the counties of Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire. This is the river Wye. It ccmes from the heart of the Welsh mountains and near the town of Ross passes through a series of beautiful gorges. This part of the course is looked upon as one of the most beautiful scenes in Britain, and is visited by tourists from all parts of the world.
Our way now lies across flat country of Newport, a large town with nearly 90,000 people. It lies on the banks of the river Usk, five miles from the point where that river meets the river Severn.
Many tall chimney-stacks and rows of workmen’s houses crowded closely together tell us that this is a busy manufacturing town.
We can see the tall cranes and the masts and funnels of many ships in the large docks, and the long lines of coal- wagons in the railway sidings remind us that Newport is one of the most important coal-exporting ports of South Wales.
If we look to the right from the train we can see a lofty transporter bridge stretching across the river. Usksiders, as we sometimes call the people of Newport, boast that this is the tallest bridge in Britain. The largest-masted ships can easily pass beneath it.
Across flat land not far from this coast we proceed towards Cardiff, lying near the mouth of the river Taff. But before reaching this large city we cross the little river Rhymney, which marks the real border of Wales. From the train we can see ships going up and down the river Severn.
The mining villages are usually poor and ugly-looking, with narrow streets and tiny houses crowded close together. The hillsides near the coalmines are not green and lovely like those in Devon, but are blackened and spoiled by the dumps of coal and rubbish from the mines. Farther away, however, the hills are green and unspoiled, and feed flocks of sheep.
In the days of our great-grandparents Cardiff was a tiny village. To-day there are about a quarter of a million people living there.
The city owes its present importance entirely to coal. The best steam-coal is mined in the Rhymney and other valleys, and is used by steamships in all parts of the globe.
Cardiff is now the largest town in Wales, and, besides its coal, it is noted for its copper works, iron-foundries, grain-mills, and engineering-works. Although that part of the port down by the docks is crowded with poor houses, I tall warehouses, and ugly factories, there is a delightful part of the city which every visitor tries to see. This is the Cathay’s Park. Few towns in the world have such fine public buildings as Cardiff. The Law Courts, City Hall, and University buildings in Cathay’s Park are worthy of any city n the world. Another interesting place to visit is the castle.
We have been crossing Glamorganshire for some while. About a million and a quarter Welsh people live in this country. This is more than half the population of Wales. You perhaps wonder why the Welsh should have crowded together in Glamorganshire. A glance at the map may help to explain this. You will notice that Wales is a very mountainous country. Few people can get a living on those cold, wet mountain slopes.
The lowlands of Wales lie along the coast, and especially in the south. The widest lowlands are in Glamorgan, Carmarthen, and Pembroke. Here people can till the ground and cultivate oats, potatoes, and fruit, rear their sheep, cattle, and horses, and make their homes. When they went up into the river-valleys they found coal near the surface.
So thousands of Welshmen flock to these valleys to work in the coal-mines of Glamorganshire. Glamorgan also has deposits of iron in her hills, especially round Merthyr, high up in the Taff Valley. Blast-furnaces were built near the coal-fields, and a big iron-smelting industry grew up.
Now we must proceed on our journey. Some of the countryside is well wooded, and in places we get near the edge of the Welsh hills and cross several pretty streams. But we are now in a region where industries have spoiled the appearance of the countryside. We never seem to get away from the clusters of factory chimneys, oil-refineries, iron- and copper-smelting works, and chemical factories—all of which darken and poison the air with their fumes and smoke. Ug- ly-looking slag-heaps have been piled up near many of the small towns, and even the streams are made dirty and discoloured by the waste products from the factories.
Passing through Aberavon and Neath, both smoky colliery towns, we approach the large port of Swansea. Here is the centre of Britain’s copper-smelting industry, and although we shall not stop long in the town the great iron- and copper-smelting works, the collieries, and the crowded cottages of the workers tell us what a busy place it is.
Swansea lies at the head of a large opening in the coast called Swansea Bay. It has many big docks, one being over 150 acres in extent.
Leaving the coal-sheds and the metal-works of Swansea behind us, we now pass by the Gower peninsula on our way to Fishguard. Soon we reach Carmarthenshire, coming to an important port called Llanelly. Here we say good-bye to the factories and chimneys of industrial South Wales. The line passes so near the shores of Carmarthen Bay that the long stretch of sands can be seen, with the waves breaking on the shore. After the smoky regions we have been passing through we are glad to feel the freshness of the salt breezes from the sea.
Turning north, the train approaches the hills and deep and narrow valleys with tree-covered slopes. The line winds up the Towy Valley, and soon we come to Carmarthen, with its ancient castle overlooking the town. There are many castles in this part of Wales. This one is now used as a prison.
As we cross Central Carmarthen we notice that it is a country of green pastures, wooded hills, and pleasant streams. Whitewashed cottages and thatched farmhouses are seen, and the numerous cattle in the fields again remind us of Devon.
On the wayside platforms we see dozens of milkchurns, for much milk is sent from here to the crowded industrial cities of South Wales through which we have just passed.
From The British Isles, book IV, London, 1933.