The Workers’ Party
Category: PoliticsBy 1890 events were moving powerfully in the direction of the formation of a workers’ party. The propaganda of socialism had had its effect. And, especially outside London, the workers themselves were beginning to find the way to unity in practice.
Even the Fabian Society, which in London remained a small, exclusive body of middle-class intellectuals, had a number of provincial offshoots which were more broadly based. These were mostly short-lived, but in many places the branches of the Independent Labour Party, when it was formed grew out of the remains of these defunct local Fabian Societies, taking over their organisation and membership intact.
After the London Dock Strike of 1888, whole new sections of the workers, hitherto regarded as unorganisable, were brought into action. Dockers, gas workers, seamen, many unskilled and semi-skilled workers in a variety of industries, date their organisation from this time. Nor is this all. Other industries in which trade unionism had long been established, but only partially, or on a craft basis with Liberal leadership, were affected by the movement. Thus in 1889 the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain was formed, and, in the same year, the first militant railway union, the General Railway Workers’ Union.
What was happening can be summed up by saying that craft organisation and craft consciousness were being replaced by class consciousness. It would be absurd to suggest that all, or even most, of these new forces were consciously socialist, though many of the national and local leaders were, but they were beginning, as they had not done since the Chartist period, to think of themselves as workers, and of their employers not merely as exploiting individuals but as members of an exploiting class. They began to look to organised political action as a weapon to be used alongside industrial action.
This growing class consciousness led naturally to a desire for a politically independent class party, which, in the conditions of the time, meant in practice a Labour Party independent of Liberalism. Politically minded trade unionists had been almost to a man Radical members of the Liberal Party. The Bradford Labour Union grew directly out of a bitter strike at the Manningham Mills, the owners of which were prominent Liberals, and every lesson of this kind made workers more ready to agree with socialist speakers who pointed out the absurdity of fighting an employer on the industrial field and then voting him into Parliament merely because he called himself a Liberal. Workers as a rule did not need to be taught to regard Tories as their enemies-now they were learning that the Liberals were no less so.
The Independent Labour Party, therefore, when it was formed in 1893, was something new growing out of a new situation.
The TUC Conference of 1899 formed the Labour Representation Committee (as the Labour Party was first called) which met in February 1900, with delegates from a number of trade unions but also from the Independent Labour Party, the Social Democratic Federation and the Fabians.
In this way the first step towards an independent party was taken, but only the first step. The question of what independence really means is a complicated one which still has a very great relevance for our movement.
In the first stage it meant both formal and practical independence from the Liberal Party. Formal independence was simply attained: after the 1906 election there was an organised Labour group in Parliament, with its own whips, officers and standing orders. Yet in practice this group remained in many ways the Labour tail of a Liberal dog, a pressure group with a special standpoint on labour questions, but in other matters following generally the line of Liberal policy. In 1903 MacDonald and the chief Liberal Whip, Herbert Gladstone, came to a secret understanding which aimed at preventing electoral clashes between Liberal and Labour candidates.
Marxists, as members of affiliated societies, of local labour parties or of trade unions, have always fought within the Labour Party, opposing the travesty of socialism put forward by the right wing and fighting for a policy that served the interests of the working class.
Because the Labour Party is in fact a broad, inclusive party of the working class, it has always been a battleground between the theory of the working class and the various essentially bourgeois theories which the right wing has constantly tried to smuggle in.
Since the formation of the Communist Party opportunism has entered a new stage. The whole energy of the right wing, expressed in expulsions, bans and proscriptions of all sorts, has been spent on attempting to isolate the communists from the broad movement of the working class. But the Communist Party is armed with the one theory that fully explains the reality of class society and with the only policy that can lead the working class to victory.
From: Socialism in Britain by A. L. Morton