The Peculiarities of the Development of Feudalism in England in the Early Middle Ages
Category: 11th centuryDuring the Early Middle Ages (the 5th-11th centuries) feudal relations were developing in England like in all the other countries of Western Europe. A serf class was gradually appearing. Most of the serfs of the Early Middle Ages were descendants of the slaves and of the peasants who had once been free members of the community. As the big feudal landed estates grew, the free peasants were gradually losing their land and freedom and were becoming serfs. The country was ruled by both lay and clerical feudal lords who were very rich and powerful.
The development of feudalism was a slower process in Britain. During the three centuries after the Anglo-Saxon conquest (the 7th-9th centuries), the bulk of the population in Britain consisted of free peasants while among the Franks who had settled on the Continent the majority of the peasants had already become serfs by the beginning of the 9th century.
It can be accounted for, first of all, by the fact that the Romans had a stronger influence on the Continent than on Britain. The Romans did not bring about many changes in the life of the Northern tribes and it was only among the Celts of the South that the tribal nobility became richer than the other members of the tribe. As a result by the 5th century when the Germanic tribes began to conquer the Roman Empire inequality among the Gauls was much more pronounced than among the Britons.
Besides, the conquerors themselves, that is, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, before the conquest of Britain had little contact with Rome and the Roman influence upon them was very weak too. Right after the conquest the survivals of the communal way of life were very strong among them. The free community survived in Britain longer than on the Continent and it united the Anglo-Saxon peasants and strengthened their resistance to the establishment of serfdom.
The Danish raids sped up the impoverishment of the Anglo-Saxon peasants. In the 10th-11th centuries the Anglo-Saxon free communities weakened and many peasants were turned into serfs. However, not all the peasants of England became serfs in the 10th-11th centuries. A considerable number of peasants were still free in the north-eastern parts of the country where the Danes used to live. Feudalism developed slower in the region of the Danelaw than in the south-western shires, because the Danes were at a lower stage of social development than the Anglo-Saxons at the moment of the conquest of Britain (the 9th century). Among the Anglo-Saxons feudal relations were already developing, while among the Danes tribal life still predominated. After the conquest the Danes remained free peasants. For about three centuries the Danes kept migrating from the Continent to Britain. The warriors were followed by their wives and children. They settled in the Danelaw as free peasants and most of their descendants in the northeastern counties remained free throughout the Middle Ages.
Thus, feudal relations among the Anglo-Saxons developed in the same way as they did among the Germanic tribes which settled on the continent of Europe. However, the process of turning the free peasants into serfs, which had begun after the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain, was not completed by the 11th century. On the Continent the majority of the peasants had become serfs by the 10th-11th centuries, whereas in England many peasants were still free.
NOTES AND MEANINGS
- County. Today a “shire” is called a county in England. The word is of French origin and it came into use during the second half of the 11th century. The word “shire” can be found in some names of counties, such as, Lincolnshire, Derbyshire and others.
- Charter. A document in which the king granted certain rights to a great lord or to a town.