The Peasants’ Struggle Against the Feudal Lords
Category: 12th centuryLife under the harsh and cruel Norman kings and barons was always full of dangers for the peasant. The Normans treated England as a conquered country. Especially in the North hundreds of peasant farms were ruined, most of the homeless miserable people died of starvation. Again and again in the Domesday Book beside the descriptions of Yorkshire villages the words “It is waste” are written. Deserted villages and untilled fields could be seen there for a hundred years to come. Hundreds of peasant huts were pulled down to make hunting-grounds for the king and his barons. The peasants had nowhere to go and no land to till, but the Conqueror and his barons cared little for the sufferings of the poor when their own pleasure was concerned.
For the ruined peasant families hunting was often the only way to keep themselves alive. But the cruel Forest Laws forbade hunting in the forests. The punishments for breaking the Forest Laws were terrible. A man who killed a deer in the forest would have his hand cut off, or he would be blinded, or even put to death. The man who only drew a bow in the forest would have his fingers cut off, particularly the thumb or forefinger, so that he would never draw a bow again. Under William the Conqueror’s son, William II, who was also a hard and cruel ruler, the Forest Laws were made even more strict and the punishment for breaking them even more severe.
The Norman lord of the manor remained long after the Conquest a foreigner to the Anglo-Saxon peasants. The Normans looked down upon the Anglo-Saxons as people very much beneath them. The serf peasant was completely at the mercy of his lord. The lord of the manor could try him and he could order his servants to flog him, to put him in chains or to imprison him. An iron collar was often put round his neck, and he was fined heavily.
The peasants looked with hatred at the high towers of the castles which were the scenes of cruelty and tyranny of the Norman lords. The lord of the manor and his mounted warriors were always ready to ride out from the gates of the castle and destroy anyone who disobeyed. The castles constantly reminded the peasants of the lord’s power and made them feel that the struggle against their oppressors was hopeless.
The position of the serfs worsened as time went on. The king, his officials, the lay feudal lords and the clerical lords lived on the fruits of the peasants’ hard labour and they would make the exploited work still more. The feudal landlords would often increase the quit-rent and corvee; the Norman priests whom the peasants did not understand be cause they spoke Norman-French or Latin, made them pay more to the Church. The royal taxes grew too.
The peasants, as a rule, performed their duties which were fixed by custom and the powerful lords managed to keep them in obedience. One-third of the lords were clergymen and they could rely oil the religious peasants to obey them. But when the feudal lords broke the old customs and increased their duties the peasants would resist stubbornly. They would refuse to fulfil extra corvee-work, to do boon- work or to make new payments. Very often whole village refused to pay the unbearably heavy dues or to work for the greedy estate-owner. The feudal courts punished the disobedient peasants severely and forced them to perform their duties. The bravest peasants ran away from their manor-lords. They lived in the forests or mountainous regions, and they fearlessly hunted game in the royal forests. Vexy often a tyrant steward would be found murdered in the forest. William the Conqueror issued a law which said that whenever a Norman was found dead in any district, the people of that district were to find the murderer and hand him over to justice within a week. When they did not do so all the men in the district were fined heavily. But neither the king’s severe laws nor the cruel feudal courts could stop the struggle of the peasants against their exploiters.
Many popular ballads express the peasants’ hatred for the exploiters and their determination to fight against the feudal lords and take revenge on them for all the sufferings and humiliations of the poor. The most popular and favourite hero of the English ballads was Robin Hood. On holidays the people sang or recited ballads about his life and adventures. The ballads describe Robin Hood as a strong, brave and skilful archer. (The bow was the traditional weapon of the English peasants in the Middle Ages.) Together with his companions who were also staunch and courageous men Robin Hood hid in the woods. Robin Hood and his men fought against the bishops and monks, against the sheriffs and the cruel barons who oppressed the people. He and his men swore an oath to take revenge on those who oppressed them. This was the oath:
“I swear
To help the weak and fight the strong,
To take from the rich and give to the poor.”
Robin Hood was always just to the poor people and helped them in their troubles. Like all the peasants in the Middle Ages Robin Hood believed in “the kind king” but at the same time he was a sworn enemy of the Norman oppressors who treated the Anglo-Saxons cruelly and who deprived them of land and freedom.
Here is the ballad about Robin Hood and the widow’s three sons.
“There are twelve months in all the year,
As I hear many men say,
But the merriest month in all the year,
Is the merry month of May.
Now Robin Hood is to Nottingham gone,
With a link a down and a day,
And there he met a silly old woman,
Was weeping on the way.
‘What news? What news, you silly old woman?
What news have you for me?’
Said she, ‘There are three squires in Nottingham town Today are condemned to die.’
‘O what have they done?’ said bold Robin Hood,
“1 pray you say to me.’
‘It’s for slaying the deer of the king,
And for the arrows and bows they were bearing.7‘
‘Do you know, old woman,’ lie said,
‘Since you gave me bread and wine,
By the truth of my body,’ said bold Robin Hood,
‘You could tell it in no better time.’
Now Robin Hood is to Nottingham gone,
With a link a down and a day,
And there he met with a silly old palmer,
Was walking along the highway.
‘What news? Wliat news, you silly old man?
What news, I pray you, say?’
Said he, ‘Three squires in Nottingham town Are condemned to die this day.’
‘Come change your clothes with me, old man,
Come change your clothes for mine;
Here is forty shillings in good silver,
Go drink it in beer or wine.’
Then he put on the old man’s cloak,
Which was patched black, blue and red;
He thought no shame, all the day long,
To wear the bags of bread.
Now Robin Hood is to Nottingham gone,
With a link a down and a down,
And there he met with the proud Sheriff,
Was walking along the town.
‘O save, O save, O Sheriff,’ he said,
‘O save, and you may see!
And what will you give to a silly old man Today will your hangman be?’
‘Some suits, some suits,’ the Sheriff said,
I’ll give you some suits today,
Some suits, some suits, and pence thirteen Today’s a hangman’s pay.’
‘1 have a bag for meal” said Robin Hood,
‘And a bag for barley and corn;
A bag for bread, and a bag for beef,
And a bag for my little small horn.’
I have a horn in my pocket,
I got it from Robin Hood,
And still when I set it to my mouth,
For you it blows little good.’
The first loud blast that he did blow,
He blew both loud and shrill;
A hundred and fifty of Robin Hood’s men Came riding over the hill.
They took the gallows from the slack;
They set it in the glen,
They hanged the proud Sheriff on that And released their own three men.”
History does not have exact information about Robin Hood and probably the man who is described in the popular ballads never existed. But the English peasants believed that Robin Hood was a free Saxon and he actually lived in the 12th century when the country was ruled by the Norman conquerors. The name of Robin Hood encouraged the English peasants in their struggle against the cruel landlords, the king’s officials, and against the unjust royal laws. Robin Hood was their hero, a real hero.
In fact, there were many “Robin Hoods” in the 12th century in England. It was not easy for the peasant to give up his land-holding, cattle, hut and implements. But the braver peasants like Robin Hood and his men ran away from their native villages. Sometimes whole villages decamped. The runaway peasants armed themselves with axes, forks, flails, scythes and in big crowds they attacked the monasteries, set fire to the manor-houses and barns, killed the abbots and manor-owners who were particularly greedy and cruel. Sometimes such armed peasant rebellions spread over whole regions.
The class struggle between the two antagonistic classes, the exploiters — the feudal landlords, and the exploited — the serf peasants, continued throughout the Middle Ages.