THE NORMAN CONQUERORS AND HOW LIFE CHANGED IN ENGLAND UNDER THEIR RULE
Category: 11th centuryThe Norman Conquest brought about very important changes in the life of the Anglo-Saxons.
We have seen what little power King Harold had over the great lords. The Anglo-Saxon earls did not even join their king at Hastings. After the Conquest the royal power in England strengthened greatly.
The conquerors turned into serfs many Anglo-Saxon peasants who had been free before. They brought with them their language, laws and customs. Under their rule the English language changed greatly. Now we shall learn more about the way of life of the Normans and the changes they brought to England.
The Strengthening of the Royal Power
William was now not only the duke of Normandy but the king of England as well and he received great incomes from both Normandy and his rich domain in England. As king of England, William the Conqueror was determined that his nobles should not be able to make themselves independent of him as he had made himself independent of his overlord, the king of France.
The Conqueror declared that all the lands of England belonged to him by right of conquest. The estates of all the Anglo-Saxon lords who had supported Harold or acknowledged him as king were confiscated. The Anglo-Saxon landowners, great and small, and the Anglo-Saxon clergy were turned out of their houses, and estates, and churches. One-seventh of the country was made the royal domain. The other lands the king granted to the Normans and Frenchmen who had taken part in the Conquest and to the Anglo-Saxon landlords who supported him.
The Conqueror claimed that the forest lands which made up one-third of the country belonged to him too. Large forests were turned into reserves for the royal hunting. Special Forest Laws about hunting were issued. Anyone who dared to hunt in the royal forests without the king’s permission was threatened with severe punishment. Thus the king of England became the richest feudal lord of all.
The royal domain consisted of 1420 estates. The more powerful barons were granted from 100 to 400 estates and some of them still more. The monasteries were granted 1700 estates. These were the chief owners of the English lands. Many Normans were given only two or three estates, some even one. But both great and small landowners held their land from the king. The English lands that were given to the Church were also held from the king by bishops and abbots.
Each Norman noble, on getting his estate, swore an oath of allegiance to the king and became the king’s vassal. Bare-headed and without arms a baron approached the king, knelt down and placed his hands between those of the king and promised to be his man. “I become your man from this day forward,” he said, “and to you I shall be true and faithful and shall hold faith for the lands I hold from you ” The great barons granted some part of their land to lesser feudal lords and the barons’ vassals frequently granted land to still lesser vassals.
Each baron received with the grant of land the promise of the king’s protection, but in return he had to render military service to his overlord bringing a number of fully armed knights with him in time of war. When the king went to war he called upon his chief vassals, they in their turn called upon theirs, and as a result, all the landowners were in arms. William demanded that military service should be rendered for all the lands—even for those in the possession of the Church, and the abbot or bishop was obliged to grant some of the estates to men who would do this for them. Besides, when an estate was inherited by the heir on the death of the holder, a certain payment was to be made to the king. These conditions of holding land by the landlord were known as the feudal tenure of land; only on these terms could the landlord keep the land.
William the Conqueror made not only the great landowners, to whom he granted land, but also their vassals swear allegiance to him directly. In 1086 at a great gathering of knights in Salisbury, William made all of them take a special oath to be true to him against all his enemies. Thus a knight who held a land from a great baron became the king’s vassal. It is interesting to note that in France a vassal had to obey his immediate overlord only from whom he received the land and not the king. And it often happened that the smaller vassals joined their lord against the French king. In England the rule “My vassal’s vassal is not my vassal” was broken now and it became the duty of all the landlords, great and small, to support the king against all his enemies, both foreign and domestic. In other words, if a great lord rebelled against the king the lesser vassals were to fight for the king, against their immediate overlord.
For greater security, when William the Conqueror rewarded his important supporters with a large number of estates, he did not give them large blocks of land but gave them a number of small estates scattered about the country. For example, he granted to one of his relatives 790 estates, which were scattered about in twenty counties. The king’s greatest vassal held 54 estates in the county of Sussex; 196 estates in Yorkshire; 248 estates in Cornwall; 5 estates in Cambridgeshire; an estate in Hampshire and an estate in Oxfordshire; 10 estates in Suffolk and many more in the other counties. The Conqueror granted land in this way to make it difficult for the great nobles to collect their forces and to offer resistance to the royal power. Any great lord who planned to rebel against the king would have to collect his vassals from all over England instead of having them ready in one part of the country, and while he was doing this the king would march against him and defeat him.
Another change which William I introduced to reduce the power of the great lords was the abolition of the great earldoms—Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex, that had been established in the reign of the Danish King Canute. Now the country was divided into shires, or counties, as the Normans called them. William I appointed a royal j official in each shire to be his “sheriff”. The royal sheriffs became of great importance. Through the sheriffs the king exercised control over all his vassals. The sheriff administered justice in the shire. He presided in the king’s name over the shire-courts. Each landowner was allowed to hold his court on the estate, but the sheriff kept a check on him.
The sheriff also collected taxes paid to the royal treasury and his duty was to see that all the royal dues were paid in full and in time. Besides, the sheriff was responsible for the gathering of an army for the king. He was well acquainted with all the king’s vassals living in the shire and what military service they owed the king. It was his duty to see that they were ready to perform military service for the king when they were called up. If necessary the sheriff could call up an army for the king in two or three days.
The great landlords, on the other hand, would require a much longer time to collect their vassals from all the scattered estates.
To make himself stronger than any of his nobles, William the Conqueror ordered that many castles should be built in different parts of the country. They were nearly all royal castles. No other person was allowed to build a castle without the king’s permission. The king’s castles were garrisoned by his own men-at-arms who were always ready to ride out and destroy anyone who disobeyed the king.
William I replaced the Witenagemot by a Great Council, made up of bishops and barons. The bishops and barons met together to talk over governmental problems and to give their advice to the king. One of the functions of the Great Council was to act as the king’s Supreme Court and it presided over all serious trials. The right to belong to the Great Council depended on the holding of land granted by the king.
The king’s laws were in force everywhere. Only the king had the right to have money coined. Nobles were not allowed to make war on one another; all men had to keep “the king’s peace”.