RISE OF TOWNS IN ENGLAND IN THE 11th-12th CENTURIES
Category: 12th centuryThe few towns which had been built under the Romans in England were destroyed and abandoned by the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxons were country-dwellers.
But the economic progress achieved during the early medieval period (5th-11th centuries) caused the growth of new towns in England.
Here we shall read:
- what progress man had made by the 11th century;
- how towns began to spring up in England;
- what a medieval town was like.
How Towns Appeared
In the course of the Anglo-Saxon conquest (5th-7th centuries) the few Roman towns and villas that had been built in Britain were in the main destroyed and abandoned. Since then the Anglo-Saxons lived in villages and each village was self-sufficient. When the villagers did not work in the fields they were busy spinning and weaving in their huts. Wool was spun into yarn on the spinning-w7heel by the women, and the yarn was woven into cloth on a hand-looni by the men; the hides of the cattle were worked into leather from which footwear and harnesses were produced. The village blacksmiths, wheelwrights and other skilled men were also engaged in agriculture. Only in their spare time could they work at their crafts and produce goods for themselves, their lords and other villagers. They paid quit-rent with the produce of their agriculture and their handicraft wares.
During the Early Middle Ages both agriculture and crafts gradually developed and became more productive. By the 11th century the heavy iron plough was being used everywhere. It was drawn by oxen in teams of four or eight and was widely used in breaking up virgin land. Much land had been cleared from forests and cultivated. In many places the three-field system of crop rotation began to replace the two-field system. Under the three-field system each field lay fallow once in three years, and two fields produced crops cach year. This was a step forward in the development of arable-farming because the three-field system was more productive since two-thirds of the arable land and not merely one-half, gave a harvest every year. The peasants also learned how to produce better implements of labour and armour, better footwear and cloth. As a result, both agriculture and crafts required much more time and special knowledge and skill.
In the 10th-11th centuries handicrafts began to separate from agriculture. Carpenters made ploughs, rakes and the rough furniture for the house. Tanners turned hides into leather. Thatchers mended roofs. Smiths worked at the forge. These craftsmen could spend very little time on agriculture. Most of their time they devoted to their craft. As they improved their crafts they became more skilful and their labour became more productive. The greater portion of their produce was paid to the lord of the manor as quit- rent. The peasants paid them in kind. In return for his work the craftsman would be given a sack of flour, butter and eggs and other agricultural products. In time, the serf craftsmen began to produce some surplus above what was paid to the lord and could be sold in the village. The serf craftsmen wanted to make goods to order and for sale and some of them left their native villages. Sometimes they got the lord’s permission to leave the manor but as before they were to pay the quit-rent with their articles. They would stroll from one village to another in search of customers. Handicrafts were their main occupation now. Many serf craftsmen would run away from the manor and settle in places where they could sell their articles and buy raw materials, foodstuffs, and other necessities of life. The settlements of runaway serfs gradually grew into towns.
Such towns sprang up at cross-roads where markets would be held and people would come from the surrounding country-side to buy and sell their animals and food, and merchants would come from far and wide to sell their goods. Often a peasant village on a lord’s estate which was well situated at a cross-road or at a place where the main road crossed a wide river would become a trading spot. As time passed more and more merchants and craftsmen settled here. They built earthen walls round their settlement to protect themselves. Later on the earthen walls gave place to walls of stone. In this way many small centres of trade gradually grew into towns.
The runaway peasant craftsmen, working with wood, metal or leather would also settle near a monastery or a famous cathedral or near a feudal castle. They carried on a brisk trade with the feudal lords, the clergymen and their servants. Merchants would build their dwellings here too as trade was always good where many people gathered. In time of danger the settlers could seek protection behind the stone walls of castles and monasteries. Towns grew up at places like Bury St. Edmunds, Canterbury and Durham where there were great monasteries, cathedrals or castles.
It is interesting to note that almost all the towns were built on rivers which supplied the inhabitants with water and were an important means of communication. The town was built at some distance from the mouth of a river: a river- port was safer from attack than a port on the coast. Dover, Southampton, Plymouth, Boston grew up as ports. Grimsby, Scarborough and Yarmouth grew up as fishing centres.
Many towns sprang up near bridges, like Bristol which grew up near a bridge over the Avon. But there were very few bridges and people had to cross a river by a ford or by a ferry. Near these places towns sprang up too. Horseferry Street, a street in London, marks the place where once there used to be a great ferry. The same is true of many English towns the names of which end in “ford”. Take Oxford for example, a town which grew up near a great ford for oxen driven for sale to the town. Hence the name “Oxen-ford” which later became Oxford. Such towns as Cambridge, Hereford, Bedford and many others grew up at places near big bridges or fords.
Thus as a result of economic development the crafts began to separate from agriculture, and this led to the rise of new towns which became the centres of crafts and trade.