PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Category: EducationIn a very’separate stream of their own, often segregated from the age of five or.six, are the children at the independent or “public” schools which for the past two decades have been the cause of more controversy than any other British institution. Their influence on the present British power structure is not quite what it was: the prime minister, the heads of the Civil Service and the Treasury and the Governor of the Bank of England are now all grammar-school men. But the products of a handful of public schools still crop up through government, the City and the professions. Whatever the future, the public schools still influence the present.
Most public schools were founded in Victorian times, partly to provide recruits for the empire and the army: the Victorians used the public schools to remove the sons of tradesmen from the taint of trade, and it is still often true, as G. K. Chesterton put it, that “the public schools are not for the sons of gentlemen, they’re for the fathers of gentlemen”. Most of the boarding schools were set up in the railway age, far from the main centres of population, so that the boys spend eight months a year for five years in the exclusive company of other boys; sometimes this weaning starts at preparatory (prep) schools at the age of seven. The introverted society thus created provided an experience from which many public schools boys never recovered, and the boarding system has been blamed for most of their subsequent failings — their veneration for authority, their obsession with tradition, their frustrated sex- lives.
It is changing. Nowadays mothers are reluctant to part with their children so early, and the numbers of boarding prep schools the first stage in the separation — has decreased; though more prep schools now take day pupils and the actual number of pupils has soared over the last decade — as shown by these figures from the Independent Association of Preparatory Schools:
1960 - 1970 Schools
506 - 472
1960 - 1970 Pupils
55,513 - 62,354
All age groups, particularly girls, are moving away from boarding education.
The public schools are nowadays less obviously different from the top grammar schools in their ethos and value-system; they are less obsessed by team-spirit and character building, and more concerned with examinations and universities. But they’ still give their pupils a ery special sense of their mission and confidence.
A small number of public schools have had a quite disproportionate influence. Below are nine schools which still remain among the most important.
Fees |
No of boys |
Date of foundation |
|
1 Charterhouse |
750 |
650 |
1161 |
2 Eton |
765 |
1,195 |
1440 |
3 Harrow |
759 |
700 |
1571 |
4 Merchant Taylors’ |
550 |
660 |
1561 |
5 Rugby |
675 |
710 |
1567 |
6 St. Paul’s |
567 |
780 |
1509 |
7 Shrewsbury |
675 |
580 |
1552 |
8 Westminster |
780 |
461 |
1560 |
9 Winchester |
762 |
530 |
1382 |
Eton, ever since its foundation by king Henry VI in 1440, has had a special closeness to the crown, which has added to its author- ity. The provost — a kind of resident chairman of the governors —- is appointed by the crown, and other governors are elected by Oxford, Cambridge, the Royal Society and the Lord Chief Justice. They elect the headmaster who, with the Establishment thus looking j over his shoulder, is in an uneasy position.
The influence of Eton does not rest primarily on its intellectual achievement, which is relatively low. The main attribute of Eton has been its political influence and its wealth; about a third of its income still comes from its endowments, which include valuable urban land; and on the rents and investments, much augmented by the very high fees (765 a year in 1970, it can afford more and better teachers, more accomodation (a room for each boy) and more personal attention than other schools. Etonians like to refer to their school as the first of the comprehensives, which is true in that it includes all kinds of boys — stupid, clever, lazy, ambitious, creative or dull. But their parents are nearly all rich.
The public schools have, in the last decade, become much less isolated. Some are even going co-educational; King’s School, Ely, and Marlborough both allow girls into the sixth form. Most schools have abolished fagging and flogging of younger boys by older ones. The most assured schools are not now fussy over long hair, wild clothes or voices — many public-school boys now deliberately react against the “public-school accent” wThich used to be one of their chief weapons in the outside world.
The public schools have become less philistine and less classical. Art is no longer regarded as pansy, and schools like Merchant Taylors’, Sevenoaks and Highgate have set up expensive art centres. Many public schools have greatly expanded their science sides — helped by special investment funds from big companies. Business has become respectable.
Still all but the top public schools have found it harder to fill their places, and many have had to lower their standards. Some have had to admit girls — or still more dangerous — American boys, who are sent over to British schools because they are often better and cheaper than schools on the Eastern seaboard. But the boys may bring with them what headmasters most dread pot. For pot spreading through the closed society of a school., can undermine the whole ethos of public-school tradition.