Fairs
Category: 14th centuryFar more important and exciting than the weekly markets were the fairs. Fairs were held once a year and they lasted a week, or even two or three w’eeks.
The fairs could also be held only with the king’s permission and not every town had one. The same sort of preparations went on as for markets, but on a much grander scale. Whole streets of stalls were put up, and the site was fenced round so that no trader could get in without paying toll on his goods.
English merchants from all parts of the country came to the fair. Some of the fairs were very famous, not only in the British Isles but in foreign countries as well, and merchants from overseas came here to trade. The merchants from other towns and countries brought to the fair goods which were in high demand and sold them wholesale. Among the best known were the fairs in London, Boston and Winchester. At these fairs one could meet many foreigners: merchants from Flanders with fine cloth, merchants from the Baltic ports with furs, wax, iron and copper, merchants selling wines from Spain and France, silks and velvets from Italy, and most exciting of all, perhaps, were the merchants who brought goods from the East, spices (pepper, cloves, nutmeg and ginger), silk, pearls, and even monkeys.
Some fairs were specialized. There were horse fairs, cheese fairs, cloth fairs, wool fairs and others. And at every fair there were all sorts of amusements: puppets and dancing dolls amused the children, clowns and jugglers sent the crowds into roars of laughter, acrobats and performing animals were always a great attraction.
Here and there between the rows of merchants’ shops there were small tables of money-changers. The buyers and sellers at the fair could not get along without their services. In England only royal money was coined, but the king, feudal lords and the rich towns of foreign countries issued coins of different weights and the money-changers determined the real value of the coins and exchanged one currency for another. A certain sum of money had to be paid for those transactions. Gradually the money-changers managed to accumulate great sums of money and began lending it. Sums of money borrowed from a money-lender had to be returned with interest within a definite time limit. The interest was usually very high; the debtor had to pay back one-and-a-half times or twice as much as he had borrowed. The money was lent for use and so the money-changers became known as usurers.
In the Middle Ages, when shops were few and sold only what the shopkeeper made himself, the fairs were practically the only places where merchants could come from distant parts and sell their goods, and where people from far and wide could gather to buy them. Fairs were of great importance both in the development of domestic and foreign trade. And they became more important as time went on because trade grew all the time throughout the Middle Ages.