ENGLAND UNDER MARY THE FIRST
Category: 16th centuryThe Duke of Northumberland was very anxious to keep the young King’s death a secret, in order that he might get the two Princesses into his power. But, the Princess Mary, being informed of that event as she was on her way to London to see her sick brother, turned her horse’s head, and rode away into Norfolk. The Earl of Arundel was her friend, and it was he who sent her warning of what had happened.
As the secret could not be kept, the Duke of Northumberland and the council sent for the Lord Mayor of London and some of the aldermen, and told them about Edward’s death. Then, they made it known to the people, and set off to inform Lady Jane Grey that she was to be Queen.
She was a pretty girl of only sixteen, and was amiable, learened, and clever. When the lords who came to her, fell on their knees before her, and told her she was the Queen, Lady Jane was so astonished that she fainted. On recovering, she expressed her sorrow for the young King’s death, and said that she knew she was unfit to govern the kingdom, but that if she must be Queen, she prayed God to direct her.
The lords took her down the river to the Tower, that she might remain there (as the custom was) until the coronation. But the people were not at all favourable to Lady Jane, considering that the right to be Queen was Mary’s, and greatly disliking the Duke of Northumberland. Some powerful men among the nobility declared on Mary’s side. They raised troops to support her cause, proclaimed her Queen at Norwich, and gathered around her at the castle, which belonged to the Duke of Norfolk.
The Council would have despatched Lady Jane’s father, the Duke of Suffolk, as the general of the army against this force. But, as Lady Jane implored that her father might remain with her, they told the Duke of Northumberland that he must take the command himself.
He was not very ready to do so, and his fears for himself turned out to be well founded. While he was waiting at Cambridge for further help from the Council, the Council turned their backs on Lady Jane’s cause, and took up the Princess Mary’s.
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Having reigned for nine days, Lady Jane Grey resigned the Crown with great willingness, saying that she had only accepted it in obedience to her father and mother, and went gladly back to her pleasant house by the river, and her books. Mary then came on towards London, and in Essex was joined by her half-sister, the Princess Elizabeth. They passed through the streets of London to the Tower, and there the new Queen met some eminent prisoners then confined in it, kissed them, and gave them their liberty. Among these was that Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, who had been imprisoned in the last reign for holding to the unreformed religion. She soon made him chancellor.
The Duke of Northumberland had been taken prisoner, and, together with his son and five others, was quickly brought before the Council. He asked that Council, in his defence, whether it was treason to obey orders that had been issued under the great seal, and, if it were, whether they, who had obeyed them too, ought to be his judges. But they made light of these points, and, being resolved to have him out of the way, soon sentenced him to death.
He entreated Gardiner to let him live, and, when he ascended the scaffold to be beheaded on Tower Hill, addressed the people in a miserable way, saying that he had been incited by others, and exhorting them to return to the unreformed religion, which he told them was his faith. There seems reason to suppose that he expected a pardon even then, in return for this confession; but it matters little whether he did or not. His head was struck off.
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Mary was now crowned Queen. She was thirty-seven years of age, short and thin, wrinkled in the face, and very unhealthy. But she had a great liking for bright colours, and all the ladies of her Court were magnificently dressed. She also had a great liking for old customs.
She soon began to show her desire to put down the Reformed religion, and put up the unreformed one: though it was dangerous work as yet, the people being something wiser than they used to be. They even cast a shower of stones at one of the royal chaplains who attacked the Reformed religion in a public sermon. But the Queen and her priests went steadily on.
Ridley, the powerful bishop of the last reign, was seized and sent to the Tower. Latimer, also celebrated among the Clergy of the last reign, was also sent to the Tower, and Cranmer speedily followed. Latimer was an aged man; and, as his guards took him through Smithfield, he looked round it, and said, “This is a place that has long groaned for me.” For he knew well that fires of Inquisition would soon be burning.
Many Protestants fled from the kingdom to avoid the risk of being arrested. The prisons were fast filled with the chief Protestants.
Parliament was got together, and they annulled the divorce, formerly pronounced by Cranmer between the Queen’s mother and King Henry the Eighth, and unmade all the laws on the subject of religion that had been made in the last King Edward’s reign. They began their proceedings, in violation of the law, by having the old mass said before them in Latin. They also declared guilty of treason, Lady Jane Grey for aspiring to the Crown; her husband, for being her husband, and Cranmer, for not believing in the mass. They then prayed the Queen to choose a husband for herself, as soon as might be.
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Now, the question who should be the Queen’s husband had given rise to a great deal of discussion. Some said Cardinal Pole was the man — but the Queen did not think so. Others said that the gallant young Earl of Devonshire, was the man — and the Queen thought so too, for a while; but she changed her mind. At last it appeared that Philip, Prince of Spain, was certainly the man — but the people detested the idea of such a marriage from the beginning to the end, and murmured that the Spaniard would establish in England, by the aid of foreign soldiers, the Popish religion, and even the terrible Inquisition itself.
These discontents gave rise to a conspiracy for marrying Earl of Devonshire to the Princess Elizabeth, and setting them up, with popular tumults all over the kingdom, against the Queen. This was discovered in time by Gardiner; but in Kent, the old bold county, the people rose in their old bold way. Sir Thomas Wyat was their leader. He raised his standard at Maidstone, marched on to Rochester, established himself in the old castle there, and prepared to hold out against the Duke of Norfolk, who came against him with a party of the Queen’s guards, and a body of five hundred London men. The London men, however, were all for Elizabeth, and not at all for Mary. They declared, under the castle walls, for Wyat; the Duke retreated; and Wyat came on to Deptford, at the head of fifteen thousand men.
But these, in their turn, fell away. When he came to Southwark, there were only two thousand left. Not dismayed by finding the London citizens in arms, Wyat led his men off to Kingston-upon-Thames, intending to cross the bridge that he knew to be in that place, and so to work his way round to Ludgate, one of the old gates of the City. He found the bridge broken down, but mended it, came across, and bravely fought his way up Fleet Street to Ludgate Hill. Finding the gate closed against him, he fought his way back again, sword in hand, to Temple Bar. Here, being overpowered, he surrendered himself, and three or four hundred of his men were taken, besides a hundred killed. Wyat, in a moment of weakness (and perhaps of torture) was afterwards made to accuse the Princess Elizabeth as his accomplice to some very small extent. But his manhood soon returned to him, and he refused to save his life by making any more false confessions. He was quartered in the usual brutal way, and from fifty to a hundred of his followers were hanged. The rest were led out, with halters round their necks, to be pardoned, and to make a parade of crying out, “God save Queen Mary!”
In the danger of this rebellion, the Queen showed herself to be a woman of courage and spirit. She disdained to retreat to any place of safety, and went down to the Guildhall, sceptre in hand, and made a speech to the Lord Mayor and citizens. But on the day after Wyat’s defeat, she did the most cruel act, even of her cruel reign, in signing the warrant for the execution of Lady Jane Grey.
They tried to persuade Lady Jane to accept the unreformed religion; but she steadily refused. On the morning when she was to die, she saw from her window the bleeding and headless body of her husband brought back in a cart from the scaffold on Tower Hill where he had laid down his life. But, as she had declined to see him before his execution, lest she should be overpowered and not make a good end, so, she even now showed a. constancy and calmness that will never be forgotten. She came up to the scaffold with a firm step and a quiet face, and addressed the bystanders in a steady voice. They were not numerous, for she was too young, too innocent and fair, to be murdered before the people on Tower Hill, as her husband had just been; so, the place of her execution was within the Tower itself.
She said that she had done an unlawful act in taking what was Queen Mary’s right, but that she had done so with no bad intent, and that she died a-humble Christian. She begged the executioner to despatch her quickly, and she asked him, “Will you take my head off before I lay me down?” He answered, “No, Madam,” and then she was very quiet while they bandaged her eyes. Being blinded, and unable to see the block on which she was to lay her young head, she was seen to feel about for it with her hands, and was heard to say, confused, “O what shall I do! Where is it?” Then they guided her to the right place, and the executioner struck off her head. You know too well, now, what dreadful deeds the executioner did in England, through many many years, and how his axe descended on the hateful block through the necks of some of the bravest, wisest, and best in the land. But it never struck so cruel and so vile a blow as this.
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The father of Lady Jane soon followed, but was little pitied. Queen Mary’s next object was to lay hold of Elizabeth, and this was pursued with great eagerness. Five hundred men were sent to her, with orders to bring her up, alive or dead. They got to her house at ten at night, when she was sick in bed. But next morning their leaders put her into a litter to be conveyed to London. She was so weak and ill that she was five days on the road. Still, she was so resolved to be seen by the people that she had the curtains of the litter opened, and so, very pale and sickly, passed through the streets. She wrote to her sister, saying she was innocent of any crime, and asking why she was made a prisoner. But she got no answer, and was ordered to the Tower. They took her in by the Traitor’s Gate, to which she objected, but in vain. One of the lords who conveyed her offered to cover her with his cloak, as it was raining, but she put it away from her, proudly and scornfully, and passed into the Tower, and sat down in a court-yard on a stone.
They asked her to come in out of the wet, but she answered that it was better sitting there, than in a worse place. At length she went to her apartment, where she was kept a prisoner.
Gardiner wanted to put her to death. He failed, however, in his design. Elizabeth was, at length, released, and Hatfield House was assigned to her as a residence, under the care of Sir Thomas Pope.
It would seem that Philip, the Prince of Spain, was a main cause of this change in Elizabeth’s fortunes. He was not an amiable man, being, on the contrary, proud, overbearing, and gloomy. But he and the Spanish lords who came over with him, did not like the idea of doing any violence to the Princess.
The Queen had been expecting her husband with great impatience, and at length he came, to her great joy, though he never cared much for her. They were married by Gardiner, at Winchester, and there was more holiday-making among the people. But England had its old distrust of this Spanish marriage. Even the Parliament would pass no bill to enable the Queen to set aside the Princess Elizabeth and appoint her own successor.
Although Gardiner failed in this object, as well as in the darker one of bringing the Princess to the scaffold, he went on at a great pace in the revival of the unreformed religion. A new Parliament was packed, in which there were no Protestants. Preparations were made to receive Cardinal Pole in England as the Pope’s messenger, bringing his holy declaration that all the nobility who had acquired Church property, should keep it — which was done to enlist their selfish interest on the Pope’s side. Then a great scene was enacted, which was the triumph of the Queen’s plans. Cardinal Pole arrived, and was received with great pomp. The Parliament joined in a petition expressive of their sorrow at the change in the national religion, and praying him to receive the country again into the Popish Church. With the Queen sitting on her throne, and the King on one side of her, and the Cardinal on the other, and the Parliament present,
Gardiner read the petition aloud. The Cardinal then made a great speech to say that all was forgotten and forgiven, and that the kingdom was solemnly made Roman Catholic again.
Everything was now ready for the lighting of the terrible fires of the Inquisition. The Queen declared to the Council, in writing, that she would wish none of her subjects to be burnt without some of the Council being present, and that she would particularly wish there to be good sermons at all burnings, so the Council knew pretty well what was to be done next. After the Cardinal had blessed all the bishops as a preface to the burnings, the Chancellor Gardiner opened a High Court for the trial of heretics. Here, two Protestant clergymen, Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, and Rogers, a Prebendary of St. Paul’s, were brought to be tried. Hooper was tried first for being married, though a priest, and for not believing in the mass. He admitted both of these accusations, and said that the mass was a wicked imposition. Then they tried Rogers, who said the same. Next morning the two were brought up to be sentenced.
Soon afterwards, Rogers was taken out of jail to be burnt in Smithfield; and, in the crowd as he went along, he saw his poor wife and his ten children, of whom the youngest was a little baby. And so he was burnt to death.
The next day, Hooper, who was to be burnt at Gloucester, was brought out to take his last journey, and was made to wear a hood over his face that he might not be known by the people. But they did know him for all that; and, when he came near Gloucester, they lined the road, making prayers and lamentations. His guards took him to a lodging, where he slept soundly all night. At nine o’clock next morning, he was brought forth leaning on a staff, for he had taken cold in prison, and was infirm. The iron stake, and the iron chain which was to bind him to it, were fixed up near a great elm- tree in a pleasant open place before the cathedral, where, on peaceful Suudays, he had preached and prayed, when he was bishop of Gloucester. This tree was filled with people, and there was a great concourse of spectators in every spot from which a glimpse of the dreadful sight could be beheld. When the old man kneeled down on the small platform at the foot of the stake, and prayed aloud, the nearest people were observed to be so attentive to his prayers that they were ordered to stand farther back; for it did not suit the Romish Church to have those Protestant words heard. After that he went up to the stake and was chained ready for the fire. One of his guards had such compassion on him that, to shorten his agonies, he tied some packets of gunpowder about him. Then they heaped up wood and straw and reeds, and set them all alight. But, unhappily, the wood was green and damp, and there was a wind blowing that blew the flame away. As the fire rose and sank, his terrible death turned out to be even more terrible, and all that time they saw him, as he burned, moving his lips in prayer.
Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer were soon tried, found guilty and sentenced to burning.
Five days after the horrible execution of Ridley and Latimer, Gardiner went to his tremendous account before God, for the cruelties he had so much assisted in committing.
Cranmer remained still alive and in prison. He was brought out for more examining and trying, by Bonner, Bishop of London: another man of blood, who had succeeded to Gardiner’s work, even in his lifetime, when Gardiner was tired of it.
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There is no doubt that the Queen and her husband personally urged on these deeds, because they wrote to the Council, urging them to be active in the kindling of the fearful fires. As Cranmer was known not to be a firm man, a plan was laid for surrounding him with artful people, and inducing him to recant to the unreformed religion. Deans and friars visited him, showed him various attentions, talked persuasively with him, and induced him to sign six recantations. But when, after all, he was taken out to be burnt, he was nobly true, to his better self, and made a glorious end.
Chained to the stake, he stood before the people with a bald head and a white and flowing beard. He was so firm now when the worst was come, that he again declared against his recantation, and was so impressive and so undismayed, that a certain lord, who was one of the directors of the execution, called out to the men to make haste!
Cranmer’s heart was found entire among his ashes, and he left at last a memorable name in English history. Cardinal Pole celebrated the day by saying his first mass, and next day he was made Archbishop of Canterbury in Cranmer’s place.
The Queen’s husband, who was now mostly abroad in his own dominions, was at war with France, and came over to seek the assistance of England. England was very unwilling to engage in a French war for his sake. But it happened that the King of France, at this very time, aided a descent upon the English coast. Hence, war was declared, greatly to Philip’s satisfaction, and the Queen raised a sum of money with which to carry it on, by every means in her power.
But the English sustained a complete defeat. The losses they met with in France were great, and the Queen never recovered from that blow.
There was a bad fever raging in England at this time, and the Queen took it, and the hour of her death came. The Queen died on the seventeenth of November, 1558, after reigning not quite five years and a half, and in the forty- fourth year of her age. Cardinal Pole died of the same fever next day.
As Bloody Queen Mary, this woman has become famous, and as Bloody Queen Mary, she will ever be justly remembered with horror and detestation in Great Britain.