Arable-farming
Category: 06th centuryTHE ANGLO-SAXONS AND HOW THEY LIVED
The Anglo-Saxons made up the bulk of the population in Britain after the conquest of the country.
The early medieval history of Britain is the history of the Anglo-Saxons.
We shall learn now how the ancestors of the English people lived and worked and at what level of economic development they were in the 5th-11th centuries.
We shall read about:
- their occupations;
- their implements of labour and methods of land cultivation;
- the system of economy that predominated in Anglo-Saxon times.
Arable-farming
Most of the Anglo-Saxons settled far away from the Roman towns. They would find a suitable place in the valley of some river, where the soil was good and there was a good water supply. They often used the lands round the Roman villas, but as a rule they lived neither in the villas themselves nor in the Roman towns—they were essentially an agricultural people.
The Anglo-Saxon villages were small. A village which had twenty-five families was considered a large one. Nealy all the villagers were engaged in cultivating the land. Over large areas of unbroken forests roamed the deer, the boar, the wolf, the bear and other wild animals. In other parts great swamps stretched for miles and miles. The Anglo-Saxons had to do a great deal of pioneer work in clearing the forests and breaking up the land for agriculture.
Great stretches of forest separated one village from another. Each village with the land belonging to it was surrounded by a thick hedge. When the hedge was well grown it kept wild animals out of the village, and in those parts of England that were fully inhabited the hedge separated the land of one village from that of the next. The names of the Anglo-Saxon villages meant as a rule either their new “home” or a “protected place”. A great number of village-names in England today are of Anglo-Saxon origin. Many English towns are called by the old Anglo-Saxon names too. For example, the word ton was the Saxon for “hedge” or a place surrounded by a hedge. Thus there are Northampton, Southampton, Brighton, Preston and others. Burgh or bury was the Saxon for “to hide”. There are many village- and town-names derived from these words. Such as Salisbury, Canterbury, Edinburgh, Middlesbrough. The Anglo-Saxon ham, another form of the word “home”, can also be found in such names now as Nottingham, Birmingham, Cheltenham. The same is true of the word field meaning “open country”, in names such as Sheffield, Chesterfield, Mansfield, etc.
Corn was grown on the arable land—that is ploughed land. There was a great stretch of land that was not cultivated. This was called waste land and was always covered with trees and bushes, and it surrounded the village on every side. In those times there was more waste land than cultivated land. There was also a large stretch of pasture land for cattle and sheep as well as a meadow where grass was grown and cut for hay.
All the arable land of the village was divided into two or, sometimes, three very large fields. The Anglo-Saxon villager had no fertilizer, but he knew that he must not grow the same crop year after year in the same field. If he did, the land would become exhausted and his harvests would be poorer every year. In most places land was cultivated under the two-field system so that it did not lose its fertility. In a few villages the Anglo-Saxons used the three- field system.
Under the two-field system the land was given a rest every second year—crops were grown on one field, while the other field lay fallow; in the following year crops were grown on the second field, and the first field had its turn of fallow. The most common crops were wheat and barley.
Round the field in which crops grew the villagers placed rough movable fences made of wattle. That was to keep out the cattle. After the harvest the fences were removed and the field became common grazing ground for the sheep and cattle. The fallow field had no fence round it and the cattle and sheep grazed there all year round.
The Anglo-Saxons knew already the heavy plough which was used in cutting up land that had not been tilled yet. The plough was made of wood, but the cutting part, known as the coulter and the share, which slices the soil from beneath, were covered with iron. The plough was drawn by oxen in teams of two or four. Possibly two animals were used when land which had been ploughed before was being turned over, while a heavier plough with four oxen was used in breaking up virgin land. Since it was not easy to turn the heavy plough, for convenience in ploughing the large fields were divided into long narrow strips. Each strip measured about an acre. It was 220 yards long as a rule—the distance the ох-team could pull the heavy wooden plough without stopping for a rest. The narrow strips were ploughed lengthways; only the strips which lay on a hill were ploughed crosswise.
Every villager held several strips in each big field and they alternated with those of his neighbours. Nobody had all his strips together in one place, they were scattered over the fields. This was because the soil in the big fields varied a good deal and one man’s strips lay in different parts of each field so as to give him a share of both good and bad land. The strips were separated from one another by low banks of earth that were not cultivated and were covered with weeds, or, in most cases, by drains or furrows made by the plough to carry off the water. This system of land cultivation is known as strip-farming. The outline of many of these strips ploughed by the medieval Anglo-Saxons can still be clearly seen. The furrows of pasture fields that once were arable is one of the commonest features of the English landscape today.
The strip-owners cultivated their fields in a certain order according to the custom of the village. There were fixed dates for ploughing, for sowing, and for harvesting. It was the custom for every strip-owner to grow the same crop as others grew in the big field. One year, for instance, the north field was sown with wheat and each strip-owner had to sow wheat on his strips at the same time with the others. He could not choose for himself what crops to plant on his strips. This method of land cultivation, known as forced rotation of crops, made it possible to grow the same crop in a big field divided into hundreds of narrow strips belonging to many people. In this way crops ripened simultaneously and could be harvested at the same time. After the harvest the plough-land would become a common pasture where all the villagers grazed their cattle.
The system of crop rotation under which arable land was cultivated in small strips and all the strip-owners ploughed their fields at the same time and sowed the same crops so that they would ripen simultaneously became known in Britain as the Open Field System.