An Anglo-Saxon Free Community
Category: 08th centuryTHE GROWTH OF THE BIG LANDED ESTATES AND THE INTRODUCTION OF SERFDOM
After the conquest of Britain the survivals of the primitive way of life were very strong among the Anglo-Saxons. But in the 7th-9th centuries great changes were taking place in Anglo-Saxon society; feudalizm was slowly taking root.
You will learn:
- how big landed estates grew up in Britain;
- how free peasants began to lose their land and freedom;
- how the administration of the Anglo-Saxons changed;
- what changes the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity brought about.
An Anglo-Saxon Free Community
The peasants of the village formed a little society—a community. The land of the village belonged to the whole community and each villager had a right to a share of it. From the village meadows the members of the community had a share of hay to feed their cattle in winter-time, in the common forests they cut branches for winter-fuel; they grazed their cattle on the common pasture and fished in the rivers and lakes. However, harvest, cattle, implements of labour and the house tfith a garden round it was the villager’s private property.
Arable land was held by separate families. It was passed by inheritance to the members of the family but it could not be sold or handed over to another family. The free peasants lived in big families in which the brothers, their sons and grandsons worked jointly. A large family like this held a considerable amount of arable land which was called a “hide”. The hide usually measured 120 acres (about 50 hectares). A family could not afford a plough of its own nor keep the necessary team of oxen. They had to share and borrow and help each other by agreement.
All the disputes of the community members were settled at the folk-moots. These were the meetings of the villagers who lived in one district called the “hundred”. The free community members themselves or their representatives gathered at the moots and settled matters of common interest. At the moots presided over by the elected elder they settled disputes between one village and another and they also administered justice.
The Anglo-Saxons used to have what was called Trial by Ordeal. The usual trial was as follows. When a man was accused of a crime he took an oath to say that he was innocent and he got twelve well-known people to say that he was probably speaking the truth. If he could not find twelve such people he was sent to the ordeal. The accused would have to put his bare hand and arm into boiling water, or to carry a piece of red-hot iron a certain distance. Then the hand was tied up, and at the end of four days it was untied and looked at by the elders. If it was healing, the man was considered innocent, if not, he was pronounced guilty and was punished.
The community united the peasants as they used the pastures, meadows and forests in common, cultivated the land in one and the same way according to the old customs and tackled all other problems in common.