The Welsh and their Country
Category: Land + PeopleBy Wyn Griffith
If you look at a map of Britain, you will find that the land, midway along the western side of the island, juts out into the sea in the form of a rectangle about 120 miles long and 60 miles wide. To the north of it is the large port of Liverpool, and to the south the busy port of Bristol. In between these two English towns, in this rectangle of land lying to the west of England, you will hear two languages spoken: Welsh and English. For this is Wales, this small country which looks, on the map, as if it ought to be part of England. The map also shows a boundary between England and Wales, but there is no frontier, no custom-house, no guard… If you are travelling from London to the west coast of Britain, there is nothing to tell you when you are crossing from England into Wales until you notice that the villages and towns have Welsh names, and that on the station platforms you hear Welsh spoken. Then you realize that you have left England and are in Wales.
The two languages, Welsh and English, are totally different, and so are the two nations. But the two peoples have lived together for hundreds of years.
Wales is a small country, and most of it is thinly populated. About two million people live in it: half of them speak English only, though they may be Welsh by descent, half of them speak Welsh and English. In the remoter parts of the country you may find some of the older people who speak Welsh only and do not understand English, but their numbers are diminishing rapidly.
Wales is a rugged and mountainous country, and the mountain barrier lying between it and England is pierced by very few valleys. Long ago, before the low-lying land to the west of these mountains was cultivated, Wales was a bleak, inhospitable country, the soil poor and infertile, the mountain-sides wet and barren.
About 2,500 years ago, the Welsh came to England from Europe, but they were driven westwards by the other peoples from Europe who followed them, until they finally found themselves confined to this mountainous country of Wales, having been forced to abandon the richer lands of England.
Although Wales is a small country, a Welshman always thinks of it as being divided into two parts, North Wales and South Wales. There is no definite boundary between North and South, but in spite of that, there are good grounds for the distinction. Broadly speaking, North Wales is a country of rugged mountains and deep valleys; South Wales is я land of high hills and wide valleys stretching into down- land and plains. A large part of South Wales is industrialised and the only large towns in Wales are in the south: Cardiff and Swansea. Coal and iron dominate the south, while in the north, agriculture and slate-quarrying are predominant.
The Welsh are generally regarded as Celtic, and there are other Celts in Britain and in France: there is a similarity in the Celtic languages but not enough to permit a Welshman in France to understand, say, a Breton sailor. When the Romans came to Wales, nearly two thousand years ago, they found a strange religion called Druidism, whose priests were called Druids. There are many legends about the Druids, but little is known about them. At one time, it was believed that the ancient monuments of stone, called cromlechs, were their altars, but we know now that these were burial places and memorials to the dead.
Wales is a land of castles, strong and imposing even when they are but ruins of their former glory. They are found all over the country, near the sea, in the mountains and dominating the plains. They were built by the English, in the 4ays when it was necessary to keep garrisons and fortresses In Wales, to maintain order and to subdue the warlike activities of the Welsh and their native princes who ruled over them. The battles are forgotten but the castles remain, grey and beautiful. Conway, Caernarvon and Horlech castles dominate the towns and the sea-coast, others command the way into Wales from England.
There is little else in Wales that is noticeable as architecture except four cathedrals and a few large and old churches. It has always been a poor country, a land of small houses and cottages: man has added little to the beauty of the countryside except farm-houses and stone cottages nestling into the hillside for shelter from the wind. Merging quietly into the surrounding landscape, the farm buildings and the cottages, built of loose stone, sometimes coloured white or pink or yellow, are beautiful and unpretentious. Some of the old towns, like Dolgelley, Brecon and Carmarthen, are dignified and worthy of their setting. But the chief and abiding beauty of Wales, attracting visitors from all over the world, is the work of Nature. Rugged mountains, deep valleys with lakes and quiet rivers, empty moorland, the fertile plains, sandy beaches and rocky coast — these are the best of Wales.
What kind of people are they who live in this country? The first thing to be said is that the Welsh are a nation, and that they are conscious of it. They know that they are different from the English as the English know they are different from the French, the Italians, the Turks, the Egyptians. However similar they may be in appearance — and they sometimes are — to the English or the Spanish, as soon as they begin to speak the difference is manifested. For the Welsh are quick and impetuous of speech. They are highly gifted in the art of self-expression in words, they speak fluently and confidently. Thought and speech go hand in hand, and there is no difference, no shyness, no self-consciousness in conversation either in Welsh or in English. What they want to say, they say freely and without difficulty. Nor are they afraid of being poetic in speech, of using bright and pictorial descriptions of men and events, and their talk is vivid and even picturesque. “There’s the colour of rain upon the sea to-night”, said a Welsh farmer, looking out to the west, towards the Atlantic.
As might be expected, this fluency in speech, this indulgence in all the arts of using the spoken word, has brought with it an interest in oratory. They respond to good speaking, they like listening to it, and they are critical as an audience.
But it is not only in speech that the Welsh are endowed with the capacity for self-expression. They are a nation of singers. Wherever they meet, they sing, and if one thing can be foretold with absolute certainty about a Welsh crowd, It is that it will burst into song. There is no need to “arrange” singing: it will happen spontaneously, and it will be good.
You will not travel far in Wales without finding a choir. Even in small villages, men and women gather together to practice singing choral works, especially in the winter months, and then to give a public performance of the works they have learnt. Only rarely have these choirs a professional conductor: each village or town choir can generally find a local musician capable of training it and conducting it. The standard of singing is high: there is an abundance of good voices, and the love of good music is widespread.
The knowledge that they possess something unique in this capacity for expressing themselves in song and in speech may account for another characteristic of the Welsh and that is their pride. They are quick to take offence, to resent any patronizing attitude, and they always have been. The Welsh may lack lands and money, but they are proud of their ancestry, proud of their country and its traditions. Speak fairly to them, and you will find them generous and hospitable, and eager to entertain you in song. They are good sailors, but they do not join the Navy except in times of war: they prefer the Merchant Service, in peacetime. They are venturesome, but not foolhardy: they know the value of money. In the dairy trade, and in drapery, they have been very successful. That an agricultural people should be successful in selling milk is nothing strange, but no one has yet put forward any theory to account for their achievements as drapers. It must remain a mystery. But it must also be remembered that in the words of the national anthem Wales is called the land of poets and singers. So a Welshman reveals himself in spite of all his achievements in industry, in commerce, in politics, science and exploration, to be at heart a peasant who is poet and singer.
From The Welsh and their Country, London.