In England
Category: Land + PeopleBy E. Young
In the north-west of England is the Lake District, where long, narrow lakes lie snugly amongst the steep, bare slopes of mountains of granite and slate. There is a great deal of rain, and the air is filled with the noise of falling streams.
This is not a fertile land, and it is only in the valleys that there are any ploughed fields: there are few cattle, but there are a great many sheep that find a living on the high moors or fells.
In the East of England, round about the Wash, is a low- lying district called the Fens: some parts of it are so low that they are below the level of the sea. When you go down into it you are in a land much of which is as flat as a table. Once upon a time it was covered with swamps and marshes and the only dry pieces were small patches, called “islands”, that rose perhaps twenty to a hundred feet above the wet ground that lay around them.
There is, however, now very little marsh left. It has been drained and dried and, as the land is fertile, the Fens are now the home of farmers whose fields are rich with wheat, potatoes, beet and flowers.
The people who first drained the fenland did not live in it. It was bad enough for them to have their crops ruined now and then by floods: they were not going to run the risk of losing their houses as well. Hence the villages are on the edge of the fen or on the islands. The farms are down in the fen, but the farmhouse is in the village.
One of the fen farmer’s troubles is to get rid of the rain water. It cannot run into the rivers because the rivers are higher than the fields and are kept from overflowing only by high banks on either side. It is first drained into narrow ditches: from the smaller ditches it runs, very gently, into larger ones called “cuts”, which carry it as far as the river bank. It is next lifted by means of pumps, from the field, over the bank into the river.
In olden times, when the people were separated by the swamps, they did not often visit each other. To get anyone to come to see you you had to make it very much worth his while. Every village had, theiefore, once a year, a feast or a fair. Though there are now plenty of dry, straight roads along which to travel, the feasts, lasting perhaps a week, are still kept up, and people gather at them from all the country round.
In times of severe frost, when the drains and rivers are frozen, the people take to skates, and may go for seventy miles in and out in a day. This can be done nowhere else in Britain. It is said that you cannot keep a fen man on the land if there is a sheet of ice to bear him on the water. The Fens are the home of England’s fastest skaters.
Although the Fens are so flat they have a beauty of their own. Nowhere is so much sky to be seen as over wide, level plains. Clouds of all shapes and sizes speckle its blue in the day-time, while at night the setting sun turns its western rim into sheets of red and gold and orange.
In the south-east of England, in the county of Kent, are meadows, woods, fields of strawberries, orchards of fruit and wide stretches of hop-garden. More hops are grown in Kent than in any other part of the British Isles.
The hop farmer has plenty of work to do all the year round, but when the harvest-time comes he has more work than he and his men can possibly do by themselves. In order to pick the flowers he needs the help of a large number of people. London alone sends as many as 10,000 “hoppers”, as they are called, into Kent every year. Some of them walk all the way, pushing their luggage on old perambulators or on soap-boxes on wheels, and sleep at night by the roadside. Most of them, however, go down on special trains.
If a stranger passes through a hop-garden while the pickers are at work he may suddenly find some one wiping the dust off his boots with a bunch of hops. If this happens he has to pay what is called “shoe money”. This money is kept till the end of the harvest, and is then spent in a feast of bread and cheese and ale that is consumed by the hoppers, on the ground in the south-west of England, off the coast of Cornwall, is a group of small islands, the Scilly Isles. Here is a land of flowers and storms. Frost and snow are almost unknown and the mild winter is followed by a very early spring. But storms and rain are common, and the houses, built of granite from the rocks, usually have an outside coat of cement to keep out the wet. If, in one of these houses, the cat is seen lying before the fire with its tail turned to the north, it is said to be a sure sign that a storm is coming.
The people of the Scilly Islands get their living by fishing in the deep sea and by catching crabs on the shore, but chiefly by growing early flowers to sell to the other parts of the British Isles. The flower fields are square or oblong patches, no two of which are ever alike.
In the summer the fields are quite bare. At this season the farmer clears the ground and sets out tens of thousands of bulbs, each from six to nine inches from the other. He also looks after the thick hedges of laurel and other plants that, later on, will shelter the budding crop from the strong winds that do so much damage.
The harvest begins about Christmas, sometimes a little before, and lasts into May or even June, but the busiest time is in February and March, when the land is alive with the white of the narcissus and the lily and the golden trumpets of the daffodils. Children are then given three weeks or a month’s holiday from school that they may help in picking and packing the flowers.
In the centre of England is a district where much coal is mined and many things are made of iron. It is called the Black Country. It is really no blacker than any other place where there are furnaces, factories and mills, but it is black enough to deserve the name that is given to it.
Here and there are heaps of rubbish that have been tipped out from the iron works and coal mines. The grass, where there is any, is not bright and fresh, but looks as if it needed washing. Smoke, black or dirty yellow, darkens the sky by day; the glow of furnaces reddens it at night.
The Lancashire district is noted for its cotton mills. In some towns the mills spin raw cotton into threads; in other towns the mills weave the threads into cloth; in a few cases there are spinning and weaving mills in the same town. In all the mills there is a great deal of machinery and a great deal of noise. It is, in fact, so hard to hear what anyone says that the workers soon learn to lip-read, that is, to understand what a person is saying by looking at the lips of the speaker rather than by listening with their own ears. In this way it is possible to talk without shouting.
The people of Lancashire are hard workers. The married women, after a long day in the mills, find time to keep their houses spotlessly clean. They wash the outside walls with a mop and a pail, and scour the stone window-sills and doorsteps with a kind of bath-brick called a “donkey stone”. When the stone-work is dry, it is, for a little while, creamy white, but it is not long before it needs washing again. The women of the cotton towns fight a battle with soot and dirt that never ends.
The chief event of the year comes some time between June and September. This is a week’s holiday called “a wake”. Each town has its own wake at its own time. For a whole year the people “save up for the‘wake,” and some kind of saving club holds the money. When the holiday comes round quite a small town may have as much as 25,000 pounds to spend. Thousands of people then go off to the seaside, where the strong sea air and the rest and many kinds of fun help to make them fit to spend another year in their ugly, dirty, noisy, smelly towns.
Lancashire people are fond of sports. Their cricket and football teams are among the best in England. Every town has parks where tennis, bowls and even boating may be enjoyed. They are also fond of dog racing and music, and the cotton towns are famous for their brass bands.
The woollen towns of Yorkshire are just as ugly as the cotton towns of Lancashire. There are the same narrow streets, with the houses standing back to back in rows that look like barracks. There are the same tall chimneys staining the sky with dirty smoke.
The Yorkshire people are great eaters. Their chief meals are breakfast, dinner and high tea. High tea is taken about half-past six in the evening, and may include ham and eggs, fried fish or a slice of the joint, piles of bread and butter, tea cakes, scones, jam, fancy cakes and huge quantities of tea.
When the evening comes and the hooter yells out that it is time to go home, men and women, boys and girls troop out of the mill in a wide stream, pour through the gates into the streets, fill the pavements, tram cars and buses, and make way back to the long rows of little houses and the streets, that, during their absence, have been so empty and quiet.
From At Work in Britain