Medieval Guilds
Category: 13th centuryThe master-craftsmen of the same trade who lived in the same town united into societies which were called craft guilds. Each craft had its own guild; there were guilds of weavers, dyers, shoemakers, hatters, bakers, glassmakers and many others. There were many guilds of smiths. Their craft was very important especially at a time when things were made by hand. Already in the Domesday Book six forges in the town of Hereford are mentioned as well as those of the ironsmiths and coppersmiths. Later on, there were guilds of armourers, goldsmiths, locksmiths and many others. The merchants of a town formed a society known as a merchant guild. Many English surnames refer to the trades or occupations of those to whom they were given. Such names as Baker, Butcher, Chapman, Wright, Fletcher, Tailor, Smith, are occupational surnames, and there are dozens of others. It was in the time of the guilds that the use of these occupational surnames became common.
The right to organize a guild was granted to the first towns by the owner of the land who might be the king, an abbot or some other powerful lord. Here is an extract from the charter of Henry II to the Oxford shoemakers granted in 1175: “Know you that I have granted and confirmed to the shoemakers of Oxford all the liberties and customs which they had in the time of King Henry, my grandfather and that they have their guild, so that none carry on their trade in the town of Oxford, except he is of that guild… For this grant and confirmation, however, the shoemakers ought to pay me every year an ounce of gold.” Nobody had the right to produce or sell goods in a town if he was not a member of a guild. A stranger, even if he came from another town only fifty miles away, was looked upon as a foreigner. At the gate he would be questioned by the gate-keepers very closely about his business before being admitted. If he came with anything to sell in the market, he would have to pay a heavy toll. In this way many “foreigners” were kept away and trade was reserved for the townsmen.
Each guild in the town had its guildhall where the master-craftsmen met from time to time. The charter they adopted for their guild obliged all the guild-members to follow its rules. The rules for good workmanship set up a certain standard for the finished product. These rules stated that all the members of the guild had to use high-quality raw materials and to produce goods to meet the guild’s standard. For example, the weavers’ guild determined exactly the width of the cloth, its colour, the number of threads in the warp of the cloth, the quality of raw materials and so on. And all the articles produced by the weavers were supposed to meet the same standard. Bad or hastily made goods were forbidden and there were severe punishments for those who broke the rules.
The master-craftsmen elected the elders who headed the guild and who saw to it that all the guild-members followed the rules and produced goods of the right quality. If a member of a guild did bad work it would be taken and destroyed, and he would be fined. If he did it again he was expelled from the guild. This would ruin him as he could no longer work at his trade.
The guild fixed prices on the articles and the guildsmen had no right to sell them at any other price. The guild officials saw to it that the customer was charged a fair price. The guild charter designated how many journeymen and apprentices the master could employ and how many hand-operated tools could be kept in the workshop. Other rules did not allow the craftsmen to work at night and on holidays. These rules were made in order to help each small producer to sell his goods and to prevent the craftsmen from competing with one another.