CRAFTS IN THE MEDIEVAL TOWN
Category: 13th centuryThe townspeople who lived on the lord’s land were quite often harassed by the landlord who at the head of a body of retainers attacked and plundered the town.
What could be done to defend the town against the predatory raids of the feudal lord?
The town craftsmen produced goods only to order and for sale.
Where and how could customers be attracted?
These and other problems faced the townspeople. Now we shall read:
- how the townspeople organized their life and work to solve the problems that faced them;
- what progress was made by the town craftsmen in the 11th-13th centuries.
The Artisan’s Workshop
The medieval workshop was a small-scale enterprise. It occupied a small room and only a few people worked in it. They were the master-craftsman, one or two journeymen and two or three apprentices. As a rule, the members of the master’s family worked in the workshop too.
There was no machinery in the workshop. Only primitive hand instruments such as knives, hammers, drills, files or hand-operated tools, like the hand-loom or hand- grindstone were used. The medieval workshop was based on manual labour.
Although the master-craftsman was the owner of these tools and instruments, raw materials and ready articles, he himself worked side by side with the men whom he employed. He knew all the secrets of his trade and he could produce goods of high quality with these primitive instruments. The craftsman devoted all his life to one craft; the blacksmith knew only his articles and the armourer would never try to produce what the blacksmith produced. As a rule, sons inherited their fathers’ trade, and the secrets of the trade passed from one generation to another. Through long training and experience the craftsman acquired great skill and mastered his craft to perfection: his skilful fingers made up for the imperfection of his instruments.
It took many years to become a good craftsman. Any young boy who wanted to learn a craft had to become an apprentice to a master. The apprentice had no right to leave his master before he completed the term of his apprenticeship. He lived with his master who gave him food, clothes and shoes and promised to teach him all the secrets of the craft. The apprentice did the less skilled jobs in the workshop and had to help with the housework in his master’s home.
Here is a typical indenture of apprenticeship: “This indenture made between John Gibbs of Penzance in the county of Cornwall of the one part and John Goffe, Spaniard, of the other part, witnesses that the aforesaid John Goffe has put himself to the aforesaid John Gibbs to learn the craft of fishing, and to stay with him as apprentice and to serve him for eight years.
Throughout the term the aforesaid John Goffe shall well and faithfully serve the aforesaid John Gibbs and Agnes his wife as his master and lord, shall keep their secrets, shall everywhere willingly do their lawful and honourable commands, shall do his master no injury, shall not waste his master’s goods nor lend them to any man without his special command.
And the aforesaid John Gibbs and Agnes his wife shall teach, train and inform John Goffe, their apprentice, in the craft of fishing in the best way they know; they shall find for the same John, their apprentice, food, clothing, linen and woollen, and shoes, sufficiently, during the term aforesaid.”
The life of the apprentice was very hard. He was bound to work for his master for seven or even more years and during these years he was at the mercy of his master who often scolded and beat him hard. A document of a town court says: “Thomas and William Sewale, sons of Thomas Sewale of Canterbury, who had been apprenticed to John Sharpe made the following complaint: their master’s wife Margaret had fed them insufficiently, had beaten them maliciously and had struck William on the left eye so violently that he lost the sight of that eye.”
If the apprentice protested and refused to serve his master, he was tried by the town court. “Roger, son of Richard Warmwell, apprentice of Emma, widow of William Hatfield,” a court document reads, “was committed to Newgate… He was rebellious, refused to serve her, and was unwilling to be punished by her in the proper way that he should be.”
Sometimes the apprentice boys ran away from their masters. If the master found his runaway apprentice ho would make him return and work until the term of apprenticeship was completed. “William Batyngham has been arrested and detained in prison in Salisbury at the suit of William Beverley - of London,” a document says, “for he was his apprentice and departed from his service here in London, and has been the whole time wandering in many towns, in Winchester, Bristol and elsewhere, so that his master could not find him until now.”
After seven years the apprentice would become a workman and for his hard work he would receive wages. The workmen were called journeymen—from the French journee, meaning “day”, because they were paid by the day. They were free to change their master and even to look for work in another town. Often, however, they worked for a few years in the workshop of the same master. The journeymen hoped to become masters after a few years. They hoped to save up enough money to open their own workshops, in which they would employ other skilled workmen and take on apprentices.
The journeyman who had already mastered the trade became the master’s right hand. He helped his master and all the work from beginning to end was done by each. Only a few men worked in the workshop and the working process was not divided into separate operations among them, in other words, there was no division of labour in the workshop. For example, the armourer himself performed all the operations beginning with the smelting and finishing with the design which involved highly elaborate metalwork.
The medieval workshop was, thus, a small-scale enterprise where there was no division of labour and only manual labour was used. The labour productivity of the medieval craftsman was very low. For example, it took a skilled locksmith fourteen days to make a good lock.
At first there was no clear division between the craftsmen who made the goods and the trader who sold them — both functions were performed by the same person. The customers of a master-craftsman ordered what they wanted from him, and the work was done to order. But there were also some finished articles in the workshop. Any customer who called could see them, and could buy them if he wished.
In this way the workshop became a kind of shop for the sale of goods.
The earliest shops in a town were the craftsmen’s workshops. The shop had a great shutter which was let down in the day-time, so that the goods could be displayed on it. The goods were also hung out on display round the open window and the door to attract customers. The journeymen could be seen working inside, but the apprentice boys stood by the shutters outside to see that nothing was stolen, and to shout to the passers-by: “What do you lack? Come buy, come buy!” They cried: “New shoes!”, “Hot pies!” and so on. A bright sign such as a big wooden boot painted blue was hung above the door of the shoemaker’s shop, or a big horseshoe above the door of the forge to attract customers.
As the population of the towns grew and more goods were demanded, both crafts and trade grew too and they required more time and energy and skill. The craftsmen began to devote themselves entirely to their crafts. They began to free themselves not only from agricultural work but also from the duty of selling ready articles. Alongside with the travelling merchants, who had already existed during the Anglo-Saxon period and who brought goods from other countries, tradesmen engaged in home trade appeared. They made up a special class of men who devoted all their time and energy to the business of trading. Thus trade and handicrafts gradually became the occupations of different groups of townspeople.